Comparación del efecto de omeprazol como monoterapia y su combinación con bicarbonato de sodio en el tratamiento de la pirosis moderada a severa: ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego / Comparison of the effect of omeprazole monotherapy and its combination with sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate to severe heartburn: a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

Heartburn occurs in 75% of patients with digestive discomfort of any origin and is one of the main symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modification and symptomatology management with various drugs; when heartburn is moderate to severe, a proton pump inhibitor is more suitable. Omeprazole (OMZ) combined with sodium bicarbonate (BC) has demonstrated significant and sustained suppression of acid secretion. The objective was to compare the effect of sequential OMZ/BC therapy compared to OMZ monotherapy for the improvement of heartburn in Mexican individuals. The study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study including 277 subjects with moderate to severe heartburn. Patients received 7 days of OMZ/BC and 7 days of OMZ (OMZ/BC7) or 14 days of OMZ (OMZ14). The primary endpoint was defined as the change in the number of days a week that the patient has heartburn, it was evaluated at 14 days. Both treatments reduced time (days) with heartburn by less than 4 days (OMZ14 3.9 vs. 4.2 days OMZ/BC7), as well as duration, number of events and intensity of heartburn. The treatments improved the quality of life, and the control of the symptoms. The proportion of adverse events was lower with OMZ/BC. The non-inferiority of OMZ/BC7 with respect to OMZ14 was verified.

La pirosis se presenta en el 75% de los pacientes con molestias digestivas de cualquier origen y es uno de los principales síntomas de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. El tratamiento se enfoca en la modificación del estilo de vida y el manejo de la sintomatología con diversos fármacos; cuando la pirosis es moderada a severa, un inhibidor de la bomba de protones es más adecuado. El omeprazol (OMZ) combinado con bicarbonato de sodio (BC) ha demostrado supresión significativa y sostenida de la secreción ácida. El objetivo fue comparar el efecto de la terapia secuencial de OMZ/BC en comparación con el tratamiento continuo de OMZ para la mejoría de la pirosis en individuos mexicanos. Estudio clínico multicéntrico, doble ciego, controlado, aleatorizado que incluyó 277 sujetos con pirosis moderada a severa. Los pacientes recibieron 7 días de OMZ/BC y 7 días de OMZ (OMZ/BC7) o 14 días de OMZ (OMZ14). La variable primaria fue definida como el cambio del número de días a la semana que el paciente presenta pirosis, se evaluó a los 14 días. Ambos tratamientos redujeron los días con pirosis en menos 4 días (OMZ14 3,9 vs. 4,2 días OMZ/BC7), así como la duración, el número de eventos e intensidad de la pirosis. Los tratamientos mejoraron los indicadores de calidad de vida, y el control del padecimiento. La proporción de eventos adversos fue menor con OMZ/BC. Se comprobó la no-inferioridad de OMZ/BC7 respecto OMZ14.

Uso de agentes antimicrobianos como solução refrigerante no ultrassom para tratamento das doenças periodontais: uma revisão de literatura / The use of antimicrobial agents as a cooling solution in ultrasound devices for periodontal diseases treatment: a literature review

Objetivo: revisar a literatura quanto ao uso de soluções no reservatório líquido do ultrassom (US) para o tratamento das doenças periodontais, avaliando as contribuições dessa associação e as soluções mais eficazes para essa terapêutica. Métodos: foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Public Medline (PubMed), Lilacs, Science Direct e ISI web of knowledge. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: "periodontal disease", "ultrasonic", "cooling solution", "antimicrobial" e "irrigation". Como critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos, caso controle, transversal e relatos de casos, publicados em inglês. Resultados: após pesquisa e minuciosa revisão por título e resumo de cada estudo, 15 estudos foram selecionados para avaliação dos desfechos investigados. As principais soluções associadas ao US foram povidono-iodo (PVPI), clorexidina, óleos essenciais, bicarbonato de sódio. O irrigante mais utilizado foi o PVPI, seguido por clorexidina e óleos essenciais. Os agentes podem conferir discretas melhoras no nível clínico de inserção e profundidade de sondagem, porém os resultados são controversos, já que nem todos os ensaios demonstraram efeitos positivos. Uma importante evidência observada foi em relação à redução dos níveis de microrganismos derivados do aerossol do US quando essas substâncias foram utilizadas no reservatório de água, sendo esse um aspecto positivo de seu uso como solução refrigerante ao US. Considerações finais: de modo geral, não puderam ser confirmados benefícios adicionais dos irrigantes antimicrobianos nos principais parâmetros periodontais avaliados, porém não se pode descartar o potencial uso desses agentes para a redução da dispersão de microrganismos advindos do aerossol, promovendo assim maior proteção ao paciente e ao profissional.(AU)

Objective: to review the literature regarding the use of solutions in the liquid ultrasonic (US) reservoir devices for the treatment of periodontal diseases, evaluating the benefits of this association, and the most effective solution for this therapy. Methods: bibliographic research was carried out in the Public Medline (PubMed), Lilacs, Science Direct, and ISI web of knowledge databases. The keywords used were: "periodontal disease", "ultrasonic", "cooling solution", "antimicrobial", and "irrigation". Inclusion criteria were prospective, retrospective, case-control, cross-sectional studies, and case reports published in English. Results: after a meticulous analysis of each paper by title and summary, 15 studies were selected for further investigation of clinical outcomes. The main solutions associated with US devices as coolant were PVPI, Chlorhexidine, Essential Oils and Sodium Bicarbonate. The most used coolant agent was PVPI, followed by chlorhexidine and essential oils. It has been shown that irrigating solutions can provide improvements in the clinical attachment level and probing depth, but the results are controversial since not all trials showed positive effects. Important evidence observed was the reduction of the levels of microorganisms derived from the US aerosol when these substances were used as a cooling solution. Conclusions: in general, additional benefits of coolant solutions could not be confirmed in the main periodontal parameters evaluated, however, the potential use of these agents to reduce the dispersion of microorganisms derived from the aerosol cannot be ruled out, thus promoting additional protection to the patient and professional.(AU)

Prevention of contrast induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate (the PROMEC study) / Prevenção de nefropatia por contraste com bicarbonato de sódio (o estudo PROMEC)

Introduction: Contrast-induced nephropathy is a common complication of radiographic procedures. Different measures have been used to avoid this damage, but the evidence is controversial. New investigations are required to clarify it. We investigated the efficacy and safety of sodium bicarbonate solution compared with sodium chloride solution to prevent contrast induced nephropathy in patients with or at risk of renal dysfunction. Methods: A prospective, single-center, randomized clinical trial conducted from May 1, 2007 to February 8, 2008. Inpatients in a tertiary center, scheduled to undergo a procedure with the nonionic radiographic contrast agent iohexol. There were 220 patients with serum creatinine levels of at least 1.2 mg/dL (106.1 µmol/L) and/or type 2 diabetics, who were randomized to receive an infusion of sodium chloride (n = 113) or sodium bicarbonate (n = 107) before and after contrast dye administration. The intervention were "A" group received 1 ml/kg/hour of normal saline solution, starting 12 hours before and continuing 12 hours after iohexol contrast. "B" group received 3 ml/kg of sodium bicarbonate solution (150 mEq/L) one hour prior to procedure and then drip rate was decreased to 1 ml/kg/hour until 6 hours post procedure. Our main outcome measure was change in serum creatinine. Results: The mean creatinine value after the procedure was 1.26 mg/dL in the saline group and 1.22 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group (mean difference: 0.036; CI 95%: -0.16 to 0.23, p = 0.865). The diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy, defined by increase in serum creatinine on 25% or more within 2 days after administration of radiographic contrast, was done in twelve patients (12%) in the bicarbonate group and eighth patients (7.1%) in the saline group (RR: 1.68, CI 95%: 0.72 to 3.94). Conclusion: Our investigation showed that there were no differences between normal saline solution (extended infusion) vs. bicarbonate solution ...

Introdução: A nefropatia induzida por contraste é uma complicação comum de procedimentos radiográficos. Medidas diferentes têm sido utilizadas para evitar estes problemas, mas a evidência é controversa. Novos estudos são necessários para esclarecer isso. Investigamos tanto a eficácia quanto a segurança de uma solução de bicarbonato de sódio em comparação com a solução de cloreto de sódio para evitar nefropatia por contraste em pacientes com ou em risco de desenvolver disfunção renal. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado clínico, conduzido em um único centro, entre 01 de maio de 2007 e 8 de fevereiro de 2008. Os pacientes internados em um centro terciário, agendados para passar por um procedimento radiográfico com uso de contraste não iônico., Havia 220 pacientes com níveis de creatinina sérica de pelo menos 1,2 mg/dL (106,1 mmol/L) e/ou diabéticos do tipo 2, que foram escolhidos aleatoriamente para receber uma infusão de cloreto de sódio (n = 113) ou bicarbonato de sódio (n = 107) antes e após a administração do meio de contraste. A intervenção foi: grupo "A" recebeu 1 ml/kg/hora de solução salina normal, começando 12 horas antes e continuando por 12 horas após o uso do contraste iohexol. Os pacientes do grupo "B" receberam 3 ml/kg de uma solução de bicarbonato de sódio (150 mEq/L), 1 hora antes do procedimento e, em seguida, o gotejamento foi reduzido a 1 ml/kg/hora por até 6 horas após o procedimento. Nosso principal indicador de desfecho foi a alteração na creatinina sérica. Resultados: O valor médio da creatinina após o procedimento foi de 1,26 mg/dL no grupo que recebeu a solução salina e 1,22 mg/dL no grupo do bicarbonato (diferença média: ...

Sodium bicarbonate as prevention of metabolic acidosis in sheep submitted to experimental ruminal acidosis / Bicarbonato de sódio como preventivo da acidose metabólica em ovinos submetidos à acidose ruminal experimental

The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effect of sodium bicarbonate on systemic acidosis due to ruminal acidosis, which was induced by ingestion of concentrate after prolonged fasting. Fourteen sheep were divided into three experimental groups: control group (Cg), with four sheep, submitted to fasting without development of ruminal acidosis; no-treated group (NTg), with five sheep with rumen acidosis without preventive treatment; and treated group (Tg), with five sheep with rumen acidosis and preventively treated with sodium bicarbonate. Assessments of ruminal pH and arterial hemogasometry were performed for 48 hours after ingestion of the concentrate. There was a reduction in the ruminal pH in all groups, whereas the Cg showed a reduction only after 24 hours. A reduction in the arterial pH, bicarbonate and base excess in all groups was also noted, indicating systemic metabolic acidosis, but the NTg presented the greatest alteration. It is concluded that sodium bicarbonate prevents systemic metabolic acidosis, reducing its severity in sheep subjected to ruminal acidosis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito preventivo do bicarbonato de sódio sobre a acidose sistêmica em decorrência da acidose ruminal, a qual foi induzida pelo fornecimento de concentrado após jejum prolongado. Foram utilizados 14 ovinos, divididos em três grupos experimentais: grupo controle (Cg), contendo quatro ovinos, submetidos a jejum sem desenvolvimento de acidose ruminal; grupo não tratado (NTg), contendo cinco ovinos submetidos a acidose ruminal sem tratamento preventivo; e grupo tratado (Tg), contendo cinco ovinos, submetidos a acidose ruminal e tratados preventivamente com bicarbonato de sódio. Foram realizadas avaliações do pH ruminal e hemogasometria arterial, durante 48 horas após o fornecimento do concentrado. Houve redução do pH ruminal em todos os grupos, sendo que o Cg apresentou a redução apenas às 24 horas. Notou-se redução do pH arterial, bicarbonato e excesso de base em todos os grupos, indicando acidose metabólica sistêmica; no entanto, o NTg apresentou o quadro mais grave. Conclui-se que o bicarbonato de sódio possui efeito preventivo da acidose metabólica sistêmica, reduzindo a sua gravidade em ovinos submetidos à acidose ruminal.(AU)

Effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine in reducing microorganisms found in aerosol used for dental prophylaxis of patients submitted to fixed orthodontic treatment

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing, in vivo, whether the prior use of 0.12% chlorhexidine as mouthwash would decrease air contamination caused by aerosolized sodium bicarbonate during dental prophylaxis. The study was conducted with 23 patients aged between 10 and 40 years old who were randomly selected and undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The study was divided into two phases (T1 and T2) with a 30-day interval in between. In both phases, dental prophylaxis was performed with aerosolized sodium bicarbonate jetted to the upper and lower arches for 4 minutes. In T1, 10 minutes before the prophylaxis procedure, the participants used distilled water as mouthwash for one minute; whereas in T2, mouthwash was performed with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Microbial samples were collected in BHI agar plates for microbiological analysis. Two dishes were positioned on the clinician (10 cm from the mouth) and a third one at 15 cm from the patient's mouth. The samples were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Results were expressed in colony-forming units (CFU). RESULTS: Statistical analysis carried out by means of Student's t test, as well as Wilconxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed that the prior use of 0.12% chlorhexidine as mouthwash significantly reduced CFU in the three positions studied (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prior use of 0.12% chlorhexidine as mouthwash significantly reduced contamination caused by aerosolized sodium bicarbonate during dental prophylaxis in the orthodontic clinic. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar, in vivo, se a utilização prévia do bochecho com clorexidina a 0,12% diminui a contaminação do ar gerada pelo jato de bicarbonato de sódio durante a profilaxia dentária. O estudo foi realizado com 23 pacientes, na faixa etária entre 10 e 40 anos, escolhidos aleatoriamente, que faziam uso de aparelho ortodôntico fixo. MÉTODOS: o estudo foi dividido em duas fases (T1 e T2), com intervalo de 30 dias entre elas. Em ambas, foi realizada profilaxia dentária com jato de bicarbonato de sódio na arcada superior e inferior, durante quatro minutos. Em T1, 10 minutos antes do procedimento, os participantes realizaram bochecho com água destilada durante um minuto, e, em T2, o bochecho foi realizado com clorexidina a 0,12%. Amostras dos microrganismos foram coletadas em placas de ágar BHI para análise microbiológica, sendo duas placas posicionadas no profissional (a 10cm da boca) e uma terceira a 15cm da boca do paciente. Após a coleta, as placas foram incubadas por 48 horas a 37°C. O resultado foi expresso em número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). RESULTADOS: após análise estatística utilizando teste t de Student, teste de Wilconxon e teste de Kruskal-Wallis, observou-se que o bochecho prévio com clorexidina a 0,12% reduziu significativamente a média de UFC nas três posições estudadas (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: os resultados permitem concluir que o bochecho prévio com clorexidina a 0,12% proporcionou uma redução estatisticamente significativa na contaminação gerada por meio do jato de bicarbonato de sódio durante a profilaxia dentária na clínica ortodôntica. .

Emerging trends in management of propionic acidemia / Tendências emergentes no manejo da academia propiônica

Objetivo : To evaluate the therapeutic agents used during metabolic crises and in long-term management of patients with propionic acidemia (PA).Materials and methods : The records of PA patients were retrospectively evaluated.Results : The study group consisted of 30 patients with 141 admissions. During metabolic crises, hyperammonemia was found in 130 (92%) admissions and almost all patients were managed with normal saline, ≥ 10% dextrose, and restriction of protein intake. In 56 (40%) admissions, management was done in intensive care unit, 31 (22%) with mechanical ventilation, 10 (7%) with haemodialysis, 16 (11%) with vasopressor agents, and 12 (9%) with insulin. In the rescue procedure, L-carnitine was used in 135 (96%) patients, sodium bicarbonate in 116 (82%), sodium benzoate in 76 (54%), and metronidazole in 10 (7%), biotin in about one-quarter, L-arginine in one third, and antibiotics in three-quarter of the admissions. Blood/packed RBCs were used in 28 (20%) patients, platelets in 26 (18%), fresh frozen plasma in 8 (6%), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factors in 10 (7%) admissions. All patients were managed completely/partially with medical nutrition formula plus amino acid mixture, vitamins and minerals. For long-term management 24 (80%) patients were on L-carnitine, 22 (73%) on sodium benzoate, 6 (20%) on biotin, one half on alkaline therapy and 4 (13%) on regular metronidazole use. Almost all patients were on medical formula and regular follow-up.Conclusion : Aggressive and adequate management of acute metabolic crises with restriction of protein intake, stabilization of patient, reversal of catabolism, and removal of toxic metabolites are essential steps. Concerted efforts to ensure adequate nutrition, to minimize the risk of acute decompensation and additional therapeutic advances are imperative to improve the outcome of PA patients. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):237-42.

Objetivo : Avaliar os agentes terapêuticos usados durante as crises metabólicas e para o manejo de longo prazo de pacientes com academia propiônica (AP).Materiais e métodos : Avaliação retrospectiva das fichas médicas de pacientes com AP.Resultados : O grupo estudado consistiu de 30 pacientes com 141 hospitalizações. Durante as crises metabólicas, a hiperamonemia foi observada em 130 (92%) pacientes hospitalizados e quase todos foram tratados com solução salina regular, ≥ 10% dextrose e restrição da ingestão de proteína. Em 56 (40%) das hospitalizações, o manejo foi feito na unidade de terapia intensiva, 31(22%) com ventilação mecânica, 10 (7%) com hemodiálise, 16 (11%) com vasopressores e 12 (9%) com insulina. Para o resgate, a L-carnitina foi usada em 135 (96%) pacientes, o bicarbonato de sódio em 116 (82%), o benzoato de sódio em 76 (54%), o metronidazole em 10 (7%), a biotina em cerca de um quarto, a L-arginina em um quarto e antibióticos em três quartos dos pacientes hospitalizados. Sangue/concentrado de hemácias foram usados em 28 (20%), plaquetas em 26 (18%), plasma fresco congelado em 8 (6%) e fatores estimulantes de colônias de granulócitos em 10 (7%) pacientes hospitalizados. Todos os pacientes foram manejados completamente/parcialmente com fórmula de nutrição hospitalar mais uma mistura de aminoácidos, vitaminas e minerais. Para o manejo de longo prazo, 24 (80%) dos pacientes foram tratados com L-carnitina, 22 (73%) com benzoato de sódio, 6 (20%) com biotina, a metade com tratamento alcalino e 4 (13%) com uso regular de metronidazole. Quase todos os pacientes foram tratados com fórmulas médicas e acompanhamento regular.Conclusão : O manejo adequado e agressivo de crises metabólicas com restrição da ingestão de proteína, ...

Can Acid Pocket-targeting Alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) Relieve Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease? / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Alkali Therapy Attenuates the Progression of Kidney Injury via Na/H Exchanger Inhibition in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats

Metabolic acidosis is a cause of renal disease progression, and alkali therapy ameliorates its progression. However, there are few reports on the role of renal acid-base transporters during alkali therapy. We evaluated the effect of sodium bicarbonate therapy and the role of acid-base transporters on renal disease progression in rats with a remnant kidney. Sprague-Dawley rats consumed dietary sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium chloride (NaCl) with 20% casein after a 5/6 nephrectomy. After being provided with a casein diet, the NaHCO3-treated group had higher levels of serum bicarbonate than the control group. At week 4, the glomerular filtration rate in the NaHCO3 group was higher than that in the NaCl group, and the difference became prominent at week 10. The glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage indices in the NaHCO3 group were less severe compared with controls at week 4 and 10. The expression of the Na/H exchanger (NHE) was decreased, and apical reactivity was decreased in the NaHCO3 group, compared with the NaCl group. Endothelin-1 levels in the kidney were also decreased in the NaHCO3 group. Dietary sodium bicarbonate has the effects of ameliorating renal disease progression, which may be related to the altered expression of NHE in the remaining kidney.

Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não previne a nefropatia de contraste: ensaio clínico multicêntrico / Hydration with sodium bicarbonate does not prevent contrast nephropathy: a multicenter clinical trial

FUNDAMENTO: A exposição ao meio de contraste radiográfico pode causar comprometimento agudo da função renal. Há evidências limitadas e conflitantes de que a hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio previne a Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste (NIC) em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se o bicarbonato de sódio é superior à hidratação com soro fisiológico para evitar a nefropatia em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. MÉTODOS: Trezentos e um pacientes submetidos a intervenção coronariana percutânea ou angiografia coronariana com creatinina sérica > 1,2 mg/dL ou Taxa de Filtração Glomerular (TFG) < 50 mL/min, foram randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio a partir de 1 hora antes do procedimento, e 6 horas após o procedimento, ou hidratação com solução salina a 0,9%. A NIC foi definida como um aumento de 0,5 mg/dL na creatinina em 48h. RESULTADOS: Dezoito pacientes (5,9%) desenvolveram nefropatia induzida por contraste: 9 pacientes no grupo do bicarbonato (6,1%) e 9 pacientes no grupo da solução salina (6,0%), p = 0,97. A variação na creatinina sérica foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, 0,01 ± 0,26 mg/dL no grupo do bicarbonato, e 0,01 ± 0,35 mg/dL no grupo da solução salina, p = 0,9. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre a alteração na taxa de filtração glomerular (0,89 ± 9 mL/ min vs. 2,29 ± 10 mL/min, p = 0,2, grupo do bicarbonato e grupo da solução salina, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não foi superior ao soro fisiológico na prevenção a nefropatia induzida pelo contraste, em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: Radiographic contrast media exposition can cause acute renal function impairment. There is limited and conflicting evidence that hydration with sodium bicarbonate prevents contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at determining whether sodium bicarbonate is superior to hydration with saline to prevent nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Three hundred and one patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention with serum creatinine > 1.2mg/dL or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 50ml/min were randomized to receive hydration with sodium bicarbonate starting 1 hour before the procedure and 6 hours after the procedure, or hydration with 0.9% saline. CIN was defined as an increase of 0.5mg/dL in creatinine in 48h RESULTS: Eighteen patients (5.9%) developed contrast induced nephropathy: 9 patients in the bicarbonate group (6.1%) and 9 patients in the saline group (6.0%), p = 0.97. The change in serum creatinine was similar in both groups, 0.01 ± 0.26 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group and 0.01 ± 0.35 mg/dL in the saline group, p = 0.9. No statistical difference was observed between the change in glomerular filtration rate (0.89 ± 9 ml/min vs. 2.29 ± 10 ml/min, p = 0.2 bicarbonate group and saline group, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate was not superior to saline to prevent contrast media induced nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Enteral fluid therapy through nasogastric tube in rumen cannulated goats / Fluidoterapia enteral por via nasogástrica em cabras fistuladas no rúmen

This paper reports the effects of fluid therapy in goats through nasogastric route with an electrolyte solution composed by concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride similar to goat plasma (140mmol/L of Na+, 4.5mmol/L of K+, 110mmol/L of Cl-). Four Alpine Chamoisee goats, two of them with evident leakage of the rumen cannulas, were used in a crossover experimental design of two periods and two groups. In one group the two goats were submitted to a treatment protocol to induce dehydration before the fluid therapy, whereas the other group was not. Fluid therapy consisted supplying 10mL/kg/h of the electrolyte solution during 8 hours. No signs of discomfort or stress were observed. The dehydration model employed caused a mild dehydration indicated by decrease in feces humidity, body weight and abdominal circumference, and increase in plasma total solids concentration. During fluid therapy globular volume and plasma total solids decreased, whereas % body weight and abdominal circumference increased. No signs of hyperhydration were observed and serum electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+) presented no significant alterations in both groups. Fluid therapy proposed in this study was efficient to treat dehydration, even for rumen cannulated animals with evident leakage, and can be administrated safely with no electrolyte imbalance.

Este estudo relata os efeitos da fluidoterapia em cabras que receberam, por via nasogástrica, uma solução eletrolítica com concentrações de sódio, potássio e cloreto similares às verificadas no plasma de caprinos (140mmol/L of Na+, 4.5mmol/L of K+, 110mmol/L of Cl-). Foram utilizadas quatro cabras da raça Parda Alpina, sendo duas com cânulas ruminais apresentando vazamento evidente, em um delineamento experimental crossover com dois períodos e dois grupos. Em um grupo, as cabras eram submetidas a um protocolo terapêutico para induzir a desidratação antes da fluidoterapia enquanto o outro grupo não passava por este protocolo. A fluidoterapia consistia em fornecer 10mL/kg/h da solução eletrolítica durante 8 horas. Não foi observado nenhum sinal de desconforto ou estresse. O protocolo para induzir a desidratação ocasionou desidratação moderada indicada pela diminuição da umidade das fezes, peso corporal e circunferência abdominal e aumento da concentração de sólidos totais no plasma. Durante a fluidoterapia o volume globular e a concentração de sólidos totais no plasma diminuiram, enquanto o peso vivo e a circunferência abdominal aumentaram. Não foram observados sinais de hiper-hidratação e dos eletrólitos (Na+, K+, Cl-) em ambos os grupos. A fluidoterapia proposta neste trabalho foi eficiente em tratar a desidratação, inclusive dos animais fistulados apresentando evidente extravasamento de líquido ruminal, e pode ser administrada com segurança, sem a ocorrência de desequilíbrios eletrolíticos.

Biopsy-Proven Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis in a Patient with Metabolic Acidosis

No abstract available.

In vitro study on tooth enamel lesions related to whitening dentifrice.

Background: The tooth whitening substances for extrinsic use that are available in Brazil contain hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. Several studies have attributed the appearance of lesions in the enamel morphology, including hypersensitivity, to these substances. Such lesions justify fluoride therapy and application of infrared lasers, among other procedures. However, there is no consensus among researchers regarding the relevance of the severity of lesions detected on the tooth surface. Objectives: The present study was carried out with an aim of evaluating in vitro the effects of the hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide and sodium bicarbonate contained in dentifrice formulations, on human tooth enamel. Materials and Methods: After darkening process in laboratory, human premolars were brushed using dentifrice containing the two whitening substances (Rembrandt - carbamide peroxide and Mentadent - hydrogen peroxide) and the abrasive product (Colgate - sodium bicarbonate). The degree of specimen staining before and after this procedure was determined using spectrophotometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to obtain images, which were analyzed to show the nature of the lesions that appeared on the enamel surface. Results: The effectiveness of the whitening caused by hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide and the abrasion caused by bicarbonate were confirmed, given that the treated test pieces returned to their original coloration. Based on SEM, evaluation of the enamel surfaces subjected to the test products showed that different types of morphologic lesions of varying severity appeared. Conclusions: Whitening dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide produced lesions on the enamel surface such that the greatest sequelae were associated with exposure to hydrogen peroxide.

A simplified acute physiology score in the prediction of acute aluminum phosphide poisoning outcome.

Background : Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is used as a fumigant. It produces phosphine gas, which is a mitochondrial poison. Unfortunately, there is no known antidote for AlP intoxication, and also, there are few data about its prognostic factors. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II ) in the prediction of outcome in patients with acute AlP poisoning requiring admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Materials and Methods : This was a prospective study in patients with acute AlP poisoning, admitted to the ICU over a period of 12 months. The demographic data were collected and SAPSII was recorded. The patients were divided into survival and non-survival groups due to outcome. Statistical Analysis : The data were expressed as mean ± SD for continuous or discrete variables and as frequency and percentage for categorical variables. The results were compared between the two groups using SPSS software. Results : During the study period, 39 subjects were admitted to the ICU with acute AlP poisoning. All 39 patients required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in addition to gastric decontamination with sodium bicarbonate, permanganate potassium, and activated charcoal, therapy with MgSO 4 and calcium gluconate and adequate hydration. Among these patients, 26 (66.7%) died. SAPSII was significantly higher in the non-survival group than in the survival group (11.88 ± 4.22 vs. 4.31 ± 2.06, respectively) (P < 0.001). Conclusion : SAPSII calculated within the first 24 hours was recognized as a good prognostic indicator among patients with acute AlP poisoning requiring ICU admission.

Prevenção de nefrotoxicidade por contraste com solução de bicarbonato: resultados preliminares e revisão da literatura / Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by use of bicarbonate solution: preliminary results and literature review

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência da nefropatia por contraste tem aumentado simultaneamente ao aumento da sua utilização com fins diagnósticos e de intervenção terapêutica. A sua incidência na população geral é baixa, porém aumenta exponencialmente em pacientes com fatores de risco como diabetes e doença renal prévia. Várias estratégias têm sido utilizadas na tentativa de prevenir a nefropatia por contraste. Hidratação com solução fisiológica, contraste de baixa osmolalidade ou iso-osmolar e infusão de bicarbonato de sódio são consideradas como as mais eficazes. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a literatura pertinente sobre prevenção de nefropatia do contraste e estudar, de forma inicial, a eficácia da hidratação a base de bicarbonato de sódio a 1,3 por cento comparada à hidratação a base de cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento na prevenção da nefrotoxicidade do contraste em pacientes de alto risco para o seu desenvolvimento. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi analisada a literatura por meio de busca sistemática no banco de dados PubMed usando as palavras-chave bicarbonato, nefrotoxicidade, contraste e insuficiência renal aguda e, adicionalmente, foram estudados 27 pacientes, portadores de diabetes mellitus e/ou doença renal crônica prévia e diagnosticados com algum tipo de câncer. RESULTADOS: Nenhum dos pacientes desenvolveu nefropatia do contraste, caracterizada como aumento de 0,5 mg/ dL e/ou de 25 por cento na creatinina basal. CONCLUSÃO: A revisão de literatura sugere fortemente que o uso de bicarbonato de sódio é eficaz na prevenção de nefropatia por contraste. Em relação ao estudo randomizado e controlado o soro fisiológico e o bicarbonato de sódio apresentaram eficácia similar quanto à prevenção de nefrotoxicidade do contraste. No entanto, o pequeno número de pacientes não permite conclusões definitivas.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy has increased simultaneously with the increase in contrast medium use in diagnostic and interventional procedures. The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in the general population is low, but increases exponentially in patients with risk factors, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Several strategies have been used in order to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy. The most efficient strategies are saline hydration (0.9 percent or 0.45 percent), use of low-or iso-osmolality contrast medium, and sodium bicarbonate infusion. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the pertinent literature and to assess the efficacy of hydration with 1.3 percent sodium bicarbonate compared with hydration with 0.9 percent saline solution in preventing contrastinduced nephropathy in high-risk patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed by using the following keywords: bicarbonate, nephropathy, contrast medium, and acute kidney failure. In addition, 27 patients with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease, diagnosed with some kind of cancer were randomized for study. RESULTS: None of the patients developed contrast-induced nephropathy characterized as a 0.5 mg/ dL-increase and/or a relative 25 percent-increase in baseline creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: The literature review strongly suggested that sodium bicarbonate is effective in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. Regarding the randomized study, saline solution and bicarbonate solution had similar efficacy in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. However, the small number of patients does not allow definite conclusions.

Uso de bicarbonato de sódio na acidose metabólica do paciente gravemente enfermo / Sodium bicarbonate in the critically ill patient with metabolic acidosis

A acidose lática é um distúrbio do equilíbrio ácido-base muito frequente em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva e está associado a um mau prognóstico. Embora exista um acúmulo substancial de evidências de que níveis cítricos de acidemia provocam inúmeros efeitos adversos sobre o funcionamento celular, a utilização de bicarbonato de sódio para o tratamento da acidose lática em pacientes gravemente enfermos permanece alvo de controvérsias. Neste artigo, pretendemos:1) analisar as principais diferenças entre as acidoses hiperclorêmicas e as acidoses orgânicas, com ânion gap (AG) elevado, visando embasar a discussão sobre os fundamentos da terapia com bicarbonato de sódio nas acidoses metabólicas; 2) avaliar os riscos associados à persistência de níveis críticos de acidemia, contrastando-os com os riscos do uso de bicarbonato de sódio; 3) analisar criticamente as evidências da literatura sobre o uso de bicarbonato de sódio no tratamento da acidose lática do paciente crítico, com ênfase em ensaios clínicos randomizados em seres humanos; 4) fornecer um fundamento para a utilização judiciosa de bicarbonato de sódio nesta situação.

Lactic acidosis is a disorder of acid-base balance very common in patients hospitalized in intensive care units and is associated with a poor prognosis. Although there is a substantial accumulation of evidence that levels of citric acidemia leading to numerous adverse effects on cell function, the use of sodium bicarbonate to treat lactic acidosis in critically ill patients remains a subject of controversies. In this article we will: 1) analyze the main differences between the hyperchloremic acidosis and organic acidosis with anion gap (AG) high, in order to base the discussion on the fundamentals of therapy with sodium bicarbonate in metabolic acidosis, 2) assess the risks associated with the persistence of critical levels of acidemia, contrasting them with the risks of using sodium bicarbonate, 3) critically examine the evidence in the literature about the use of sodium bicarbonate in treating lactic acidosis in critically ill patients, with emphasis on tests clinical trials in humans, 4) provide a foundation for the judicious use of sodium bicarbonate in this situation.

Control of erosive tooth wear: possibilities and rationale

Dental erosion is a type of wear caused by non bacterial acids or chelation. There is evidence of a significant increase in the prevalence of dental wear in the deciduous and permanent teeth as a consequence of the frequent intake of acidic foods and drinks, or due to gastric acid which may reach the oral cavity following reflux or vomiting episodes. The presence of acids is a prerequisite for dental erosion, but the erosive wear is complex and depends on the interaction of biological, chemical and behavioral factors. Even though erosion may be defined or described as an isolated process, in clinical situations other wear phenomena are expected to occur concomitantly, such as abrasive wear (which occurs, e.g, due to tooth brushing or mastication). In order to control dental loss due to erosive wear it is crucial to take into account its multifactorial nature, which predisposes some individuals to the condition.

Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio na prevenção de nefropatia induzida por contraste em pacientes diabéticos: subanálise de ensaio clínico multicêntrico / Sodium-bicarbonate to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients: a sub-analysis of a multicenter clinical trial

Introdução: Nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) está associada a piores desfechos intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. Estudos recentes sugerem que hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio possa ser útil na sua prevenção; no entanto, essa medida de prevenção de NIC não foi, ainda, avaliada em pacientes diabéticos. Método: Subanálise de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 301 pacientes com creatinina sérica ≥ 1,2 mg/dl ou depuração de creatinina endógena (DCE) < 50 ml/min submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia ou angioplastia coronária, randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio ou solução salina (soro fisiológico ­ SF) a 0,9%. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com contraste iônico de baixa osmolaridade. Os desfechos avaliados foram incidência de NIC (definida como aumento de 0,5 mg/dl) e variação da creatinina e da DCE em 48 horas após o procedimento. Da totalidade de pacientes, 87 tinham diabetes melito e foram incluídos nesse subestudo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a características demográficas, volume de contraste e níveis basais de creatinina e DCE. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 8 desenvolveram NIC: 4 (9,8%) pacientes no grupo bicarbonato e 4 (8,9%) no grupo SF 0,9% (p = 0,9). A variação da creatinina sérica e da DCE foi similar entre os grupos...

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with worse clinical outcomes both at short and long-term follow-up. Recent evidence indicates that intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate may reduce the incidence of CIN. However, this strategy has not been reported in diabetic patients. Methods: Sub-analysis of a multicenter study involving 301 patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1,2 mg/dL or creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min submitted to coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention and randomized to intravenous hydration with sodium-bicarbonate or normal saline. All patients received low-osmolar contrast media. We assessed the incidence of CIN (defined as creatinine increase ≥ 0,5 mg/dL), and the average change in creatinine and creatinine clearance 48 hours after the procedure. A total of 87 diabetic patients were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics, contrast volume used, baseline creatinine levels and creatinine clearance. Eight patients presented CIN: 4 (9.8%) in the bicarbonate group and 4 (8.9%) in the saline group (p = 0.9). The...

Life-threatening overdose with lamotrigine, citalopram, and chlorpheniramine.

Lamotrigine is a commonly used agent for seizure control in epilepsy. There are limited data on the adverse effects of lamotrigine in overdose. We report a number of serious side-effects associated with a large overdose of lamotrigine. A 23-year-old female presented to the emergency department after taking an intentional overdose of 9.2 g of lamotrigine, 56 mg of chlorpheniramine, and 220 mg of citalopram. On admission, she had a reduced level of consciousness and electrocardiographic abnormalities; a widened QRS and a prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval. Prompt treatment with early intubation, along with the use of magnesium for cardioprotection and administration of sodium bicarbonate may have aided in a quick recovery with a short intensive care stay and good outcome.

Uso de bicarbonato e lactato-L para correção da acidose metabólica sistêmica em bovinos com acidose láctica ruminal aguda / Use of bicarbonate and lactate L for correction of systemic metabolic acidosis in cattle with acute rumen lactic acidosis

Foram utilizados seis novilhos, providos de cânula ruminal, em delineamento experimental cross-over, para comparar a eficiência de soluções de bicarbonato de sódio e lactato-L de sódio na correção da acidose metabólica sistêmica (AMS), causada pela acidose láctica ruminal (ALR). Vinte horas após, quando apresentavam intensa AMS, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e tratados com cinco litros de 150mMol/l de bicarbonato de sódio ou de lactato-L de sódio, infundidas por via intravenosa, nas quatro horas seguintes. Amostras de sangue, para hemogasometria, foram coletadas no decorrer da infusão a zero, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 8 horas. Ambos os tratamentos elevaram o pH sangüíneo já na primeira hora pós-infusão, corrigindo adequadamente a AMS. O tratamento com lactato-L de sódio aumentou as concentrações de bicarbonato, TCO2 e EAB sangüíneos já na segunda hora pós-infusão; com o bicarbonato essa elevação ocorreu a partir da terceira hora. Não houve diferenças entre tratamentos para pH sangüíneo, bicarbonato, TCO2 e excesso de base. Vinte e quatro horas após o tratamento todos os novilhos apresentaram plena recuperação. O lactato-L pode substituir o bicarbonato na correção da AMS em novilhos com ALR

The efficiency of sodium bicarbonate or l-lactate for correcting systemic metabolic acidosis (SMA) caused by rumen lactic acidosis (RLA) was evaluated using six rumen-cannulated steers in a cross-over experimental design. RLA was induced by administration of sucrose, intraruminally. Twenty hours later when the animals developed an intense SMA, the steers were randomly distributed and treated intravenously either with 5l of 15 mMol/l sodium bicarbonate or L-lactate solution, infused throughout 4h. Blood samples were colleted throughout the infusion at zero, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8h, for blood gas analysis. After 1hour, both sodium bicarbonate and L-lactate solutions increased blood pH and corrected adequately the SMA. Blood bicarbonate, TCO2 and base excess concentrations were also increased at the 2nd hour with L-lactate and at the 3rd hour with bicarbonate. No differences between treatments were observed for blood pH, bicarbonate, TCO2 and base excess concentrations. Treated steers after twenty-four hours showed an effective clinical recovery. L-lactate can adequately replace bicarbonate in the correction of SMA in steers with RLA